英语非谓语动词

英语非谓语动词

非谓语动词 非谓语动词是指由动词变化而成,仍具有动词的性质与意义,但不能作为 动词使用的词.通常有三种形式构成： 1.由“to+动词原形”而成的不定式； 2.由“动词原形+ing”而成的现在分词或动名词； 3. 由“动词原形+ed”而成的（包括动词的不规则变化）过去分词. 非谓语基本形式及在句中的成分一览表（以 do 为例） 不定式现在分词动名词 过去分 词 一 般 式 肯 定 主动 to dodoingdoing/ 般 式 定 被动 to be donebeing donebeing donedone 式 否 定 主动 not to do not doing not doing/ 定 被动 not to be done not being done not being done / 进 行 式 肯 定 主动 to be doing /// 行 式 定 被动/ 式 否 定 主动 not to be doing 被动/ 完 成 式 肯 定 主动 to have done having donehaving done / 式 被动 to have been done having been done having been done 否 定 主动 not to have done not having done not having done 被动 not to have been done not having been done not having been done 完 成 进 行 时 肯 定 主动 to have been doing 进 行 被动/ 行 时 否 定 主动 not to have been doing 被动/ 在句中成分 主语、宾 语、定语、 表语、状 语、补语、 等除谓语之 外所有成分 定语、表语、 状语、补语 定语、表 语、宾语、 主语 定语、 表语、 状语、 补语 注意：1.过去分词就是表示完成、被动的意义,不及物动词的过去分词只表示 完成.不及物动词的不定式,现在分词和动名词没有被动式. 2.非谓语的否定式都是由“not+非谓语”构成. ·貌似分词不做主语,宾语；动名词不做状语 一、动词不定式的主要用法 1.To finish the work on time is not easy.(作主语) 注意：动词不定式作主语时,也可以用形式主语“it” , 即 It’s not easy to finish the work on time. His wish was to become a teacher.(作表语) There is nothing to worry about.(作定语) He ran to catch the bus. (作状语) I want to see the new film.(作宾语) He asked me to open the door.(作宾语补足语) 注意：①动词不定式在作 let,make,see,hear,feel,watch 等使役、感观动词的 宾语补足语时,不定式不带“to” 例：We often hear her sing in the next room. 但上述动词用于被动语态的句子中,动词不定式变成主语补足语,这时必须带 “to” . 例：He was heard to sing in the next room every morning. ②动词不定式作宾语时,也可用形式宾语“it” . 例：They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 2.动词不定式也可以和疑问词 who,what,which,whether,when,how,where 等连 用,构成不定式短语. How to get the tickets is a question. (作主语) I wonder which to choose. (作宾语) The question is who to send the letter. (作表语) 3.for + 名词（代词）+动词不定式的复合结构 It is important for us to learn English. （作主语） It is for you to decide. (作表语) I don’t think it good for you to leave now.（作宾语） I have bought the books for you to read.（作定语）下句（作状语） They handed in the exercises just in time for the teacher to correct. 二、分词的主要用法 分词分为现在分词和过去分词.现在分词与过去分词的区别在于：现在分 词表示主动的、正在进行的动作,而及物动词的过去分词表示已经完成且被动 的动作,不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成的意义. Do you know the building being built down the street? （作定语） This is one of the buildings built in the 1960s.（作定语） *分词作定语可转换为定语从句 The news is surprising.（作表语） We are surprised at the news.（作表语） We heard her singing in the next room.（宾语补足语） I’m going to have my hair cut.（宾语补足语） *?宾语补足语在被动语态中就是主语补足语. 如：She can be heard singing in the next room.下句（状语） (While,When)Walking along the street, he met with his old friend. Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.（状语） *分词作状语可转化为状语从句或并列句. 注意： 1.分词作定语,如果是单个分词,则放在所修饰的名词之前,如：spoken English, exciting news;如果是分词短语,则要放在所修饰名词之后,如： the language spoken in this country, the boy standing there 2.分词作状语,表示原因、时间、条件时一般放在句首,如作为方式状语或伴 随状态时,放在句首句尾均可. 例：Reading the letter, she couldn’t help crying.此句分词作原因状 语； She sat at the table, reading a letter.此句分词作伴随状态. 3.分词作为时间状语时,可在分词前加上 while,when 或 on 表示“当…时候” , 或“一…就…” . 例：While talking with her teacher, she felt nervous. On hearing the good news, she jumped up with joy. 4.当分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致. Seeing the house on fire, he immediately ran to the phone-box. =When he saw the house on fire, he immediately ran to the phonebox. Given more time, we could do it better. =If we were given more time, we could do it better. 5.有一类动词如 interest,excite,surprise,please,disappoint,satisfy,tire 等,它们的现在分词往往用来表示事物的性质；而它们的过去分词则用来表示 人的感受. I am very interested in the interesting story. We are all tired of such a tiring question. 6.现在分词的被动式 being done 与过去分词的区别. 现在分词的被动式 being done 表示正在进行的被动动作,而过去分词则强调已经 完成的动作或持续的被动状态. The problem being discussed now is very important.The problem discussed yesterday was very important. 三、动名词的主要用法 动名词是由动词转化而来,在句子中起名词的作用,但又保持动词的特 征,可有自己的宾语或状语,构成动名词短语. Swimming is my favourate sport.（作主语） Talking is easier than doing.（作主语） 注意：动名词短语作主语时也可用形式主语“it” 例如：It’s no good giving him too much money. My job is teaching English.（作表语） Seeing is believing.（作表语） He enjoys listening to the music.（作宾语） Thank you for telling me the truth.（作宾语） There is a new swimming pool in our school.（作定语） ） This kind of washing machine is out of date.（作定语） 注意：1.由物主代词或名词所有格加上动名词可以构成动名词复合结构. 例如：Do you mind my closing the door?（作宾语） ） Tom’s learning maths well helped him in doing business.（作主 语） 但通常在非正式场合,可以用人称代词宾格代替物主代词,用名词普通格代替 所有格. （这种结构在句首出现时除外. ） Do you mind me closing the door? I remember Tom going there. 2.动名词作主语时,该主语被看作是单数；并列的动名词作主语时,被 看作为复数. Reading is my hobby. Saying and doing are two different things. 四、非谓语动词中的几组区别 1.动名词与现在分词的区别 我的总结定语 表语 现在分词表进行|可用定语改写表主语的内容|名词的性质 动名词表性质及用途|可用 for 来代替表主语的状态及特征|形容词性质 ①作定语时的区别： 现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的人或物正在进行的动作,可以用定语 从句来改写；而动名词作定语时,表示所修饰的名词和性质及用途,不表 示动作, 可以用介词“for”来替代. 如 living cells（活细胞）=The cells which are living. living 为分词 sleeping pills（安眠药）=the pills for sleeping. sleeping 动名词 ②作表语时的区别： 动名词作表语表示主语的内容,具有名词的性质；而现在分词作表语则表 示主语的状态及特征,具有形容词性质. 如 My hobby is collecting stamps.（作动名词,也可以说成 Collecting stamps is my hobby.） His hobby is interesting.（作现在分词,interesting 具形容词性,此 句主语和表语不能倒过来讲. ） 2.不定式与分词的区别： 过去分词动作完成总结 不定式动作未做状语表原因、目的、结果宾补时,表动作的完成 现在分词动作进行状语表时间、原因、条件、方式、让步、伴 随 宾补时,表动作的进行 ①定式与分词作定语时的区别： The meeting held last week is very important.（过去分词 held 作定 语,表示动作已完成） The meeting being held is very important.（现在分词〔被动式〕作定 语,表示动作正在进行） The meeting to be held next week is very important.（不定式〔被动 式〕 “to be held”作定语,表示未来将发生的动作. ） ②不定式与分词作状语时的区别： 不定式一般可作 原因、目的和结果状语,而分词可作 时间、原因、条件、 方式、让步、伴随等状语.但都需要注意句子的谓语动词与不定式、分词 的逻辑主语的统一. 1 In order to catch the bus, he ran faster. He ran faster so as to catch the bus. 注意:in order to, so as to, in an effort to 等表示目的,注意 so as to 只能放在句尾,而 in order to 句尾、句首都可放. 2 She is such a lovely girl as to be loved by everyone. He was too excited to say a word. so…as to, such…as to, enough to, too…to 等表示结果或程度. 3 Watching the film, she was moved to tears.（时间状语） =When(While) she was watching the film, she was moved to tears. Not having been there before, he got lost in the street.原因状 语 ＝As he had not been there before, he got lost in the street. 分词所作的时间,原因,条件,让步,伴随等状语,可以改成成各自的状语从 句. only 注意：only+分词与 only+不定式的区别 “only+现在分词”的意思是结果只是； “only+不定式”意思是想不到、 反而并没有料到的结果. He lifted a rock only to drop on his own foot. He died, only leaving debts. ③不定式与分词作宾补时的区别： 不定式作宾补表示动作已经完成,强调动作发生过的这一事实,强调由此 行动而产生的结果；而现在分词作宾补强调动作的过程即动作正在进行. I found him coming into the building. =I saw that he was coming into the building. I found him come into the building. =He came into the building, and I saw that. 注意：如在句子中出现 often、seldom、usually 等频度副词,表示动作的经 常性,而不是动作正在进行,所以通常用动词不定式. ↖(^ω^)↗ 3.不定式与动名词的区别： ①从含义上不定式表示具体某一次的动作,而动名词表示比较抽象的一般行 为、习惯. Saving money is important. To save money now is impossible. My favourate sport is skating. The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation. I love swimming, but I don’t love to swim in this dirty river. 注意：当 表语是动名词时,主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时,主语也 要用不定式. 例如：To live is to struggle. Seeing is believing. ②关于不定式与动名词在用法上的几点规定 4 只能用不定式的单词或词组（句型） ⑴It is important, It is necessary, It is fitting, It is advisable……等“It is+adj.+(for sb./of sb.)+不定式”的句型中 ⑵在动词 decide, wish, hope, promise, manage, arrange, choose, plan, desire, learn, want, ask, intend, attempt 等后用不定式作 宾语 ⑶疑问词加上不定式结构,如 what to do, when to go, where to stay 等 ⑷在介词 but, except, than, besides 等后面,用不定式作宾语 注意：当在 but, except, besides 介词前有一个实意动词“do”时,用不带 “to”的不定式. I have no choice but to stay.无实意动词“do”用带“to”不定式 I have nothing to do but wait.有实意动词“do”不带“to”不定式 注意：不定式不能直接做动词 order, warn, invite 等的宾语,只能做这些动 词的宾语补足语.即 order sb. to do/warn sb. to do 等 5 只能用动名词的单词或词组（句型） ⑴在 It’s no use doing, It’s no good doing, It’s a waste of time doing 等句型用动名词. ⑵在动词 suggest, avoid, enjoy, admit, consider, escape, excuse, permit, allow, finish, mind, practise, risk, miss, advise, imagine 等动词后面用动名词作宾语. ⑶在词组：can’t help, can’t stand, burst out, give up, feel like, keep on, set about, object to, be used to, devote to, look forward to, stick to, pay attention to, insist on, persist in 等后面用动名词作宾语. 注意：permit, avoid, risk, allow, advise, forbid 等动词后带宾语补足语 时只能用动词不定式. 例如：The teacher advised reading more books.（advise+宾语） The teacher advised us to read more books.（advise+sb+宾语补 足语） You shouldn’t risk doing that.（risk+宾语） You shouldn’t risk your life to do that.（risk+sb+宾语补足 语） 6 既能用不定式,又能用动名词的单词有： begin, start, continue, afford, propose, cease 等 7 用不定式作宾语表示具体一次动作；用动名词作宾语表示一贯爱好,倾 向的单词有：hate, love, like, prefer 等 8 用动名词作宾语以主动表示被动；用不定式的被动式作宾语表示被动, 在含义上完全相同,这些单词是：want, need, require 例：The bike needs repairing. =The bike needs to be repaired.（这辆自行车需要被修理. ） The dininghall wants cleaning. =The dininghall wants to be cleaned.（这个仓库需要被打 扫. ） 9 不定式作宾语与动名词作宾语意义完全不同的单词 ⑴remember+to do 记得要去做某事,动作还未发生. remember+doing 记得做过某事,动作已经发生. 且 remember doing=remember having done Please remember to lock the door when you leave. I remember giving him a birthday present last year. ⑵forget+to do 忘记要去做某事,动作没有去做. forget+doing 忘记做过某事,动作已经发生,但忘记所做的事. 且 forget doing=forget having done I forgot to post the letter.（我忘记寄信了. ） I forgot closing the door.（我忘记把门关掉这件事. ）⑶regret+to do 对要发生的事表 示抱歉、遗憾,事情还未做. regret+doing 对于发生过的事表示后悔. 且 regret doing=regret having done I regret to say there is no wine in the bottle. Tom regrets having told Mary the sad news. ⑷stop+to do 停下正在干的事,转而去做另一件事. stop+doing 停下手上正在干的事. Tom stopped to have a rest.（Tom 停下来休息一会儿. ） When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking. ⑸try+to do 设法、努力、尽力去做某事； try+doing 尝试做某事. He tried to win the first prize.（他尽力想得第一. ） Since no one answered at the front door, he tried knocking at the back door. ⑹mean+to do 打算,有意图去做某事；mean+doing 意味着,意思是 I had meant to call you, but I forgot your phone number. Missing the bus means waiting for another hour. 4.分词的独立主格结构. 在分词作状语时,一个十分关键的问题是分词的逻辑主语必须与句子 的主语相一致.但有时候为了表达更清楚,主语无法统一的时候,可 以在分词前加上相应的逻辑主语,这种结构就称为分词的独立主格结 构. 分词的独立主格的基本结构是： 名词（代词）+现在分词 名词（代词）+过去分词 The meeting being over, they all went out of the hall. All things considered, his composition is quit satisfactory. 注意：在独立主格中使用过去分词还是现在分词,要看逻辑主语,与 逻辑主语的关系是主谓就用现在分词；与逻辑主语是动宾关系则用过 去分词.我看即被动和主动关系