灵鹊做题网关于游轮的英文介绍至少有3分钟的文章,可以随意介绍,不仅仅是外观结构介绍.
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：灵鹊做题网作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/04/27 22:57:04
关于游轮的英文介绍
至少有3分钟的文章,可以随意介绍,不仅仅是外观结构介绍.
至少有3分钟的文章,可以随意介绍,不仅仅是外观结构介绍.
Passenger ship
A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such as the ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters once common on the seas in which the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight. Indeed, until recently virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail, package freight and express, and other cargo in addition to passenger luggage, and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks, kingposts, or other cargo-handling gear for that purpose. Only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated.
While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine, passenger ships have also been used as troopships and often are commissioned as naval ships when used as for that purpose.
Types
Passenger ships include ferries, which are vessels for day or overnight short-sea trips moving passengers and vehicles (whether road or rail); ocean liners, which typically are passenger or passenger-cargo vessels transporting passengers and often cargo on longer line voyages; and cruise ships, which typically transport passengers on round-trips, in which the trip itself and the attractions of the ship and ports visited are the principal draw.
An ocean liner is the traditional form of passenger ship. Once such liners operated on scheduled line voyages to all inhabited parts of the world. With the advent of airliners transporting passengers and specialized cargo vessels hauling freight, line voyages have almost died out. But with their decline came an increase in sea trips for pleasure, and in the latter part of the 20th century ocean liners gave way to cruise ships as the predominant form of large passenger ship.
Although some ships have characteristics of both types, the design priorities of the two forms are different: ocean liners value speed and traditional luxury while cruise ships value amenities (swimming pools, theaters, ball rooms, casinos, sports facilities, etc.) rather than speed. These priorities produce different designs. In addition, ocean liners typically were built to cross the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United States or travel even further to South America or Asia while cruise ships typically serve shorter routes with more stops along coastlines or among various islands.
For a long time cruise ships were never as large as the old ocean liners had been, but in the 1980s this changed when Knut Kloster, the director of Norwegian Caribbean Lines, bought one of the biggest surviving liners, the SS France, and transformed her into a huge cruise ship, which he renamed the SS Norway. Her success demonstrated that there was a market for large cruise ships. Successive classes of ever-larger ships were ordered, until the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was finally dethroned from her 56-year reign as the largest passenger ship ever built.
Both the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) (1969) and her successor as Cunard's flagship RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2), which entered service in 2004, are of hybrid construction. Like transatlantic ocean liners, they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand the rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service,[1] but both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships, with the amenities expected in that trade. QM2 superseded the Explorer of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built, and in turn was surpassed by Royal Caribbean's cruise ship Freedom of the Seas. The latter ship, and her sisters, will in turn be superseded by ships of the Oasis Class scheduled for delivery starting in 2009. [2]
[edit] Measures of size
By convention and long usage, the size of civilian passenger ships is measured by gross tonnage, which is a measure of enclosed volume. Gross tonnage is not a measure of weight, although the two concepts are often confused. Weight is measured by displacement, which is the conventional means of measuring naval vessels. Often a passenger ship is stated to "weigh" or "displace" a certain "tonnage", but the figure given nearly always refers to gross tons.
While a high displacement can indicate better sea keeping abilities,[3] gross tonnage is promoted as the most important measure of size for passengers, as the ratio of gross tonnage per passenger – the Passenger/Space Ratio – gives a sense of the spaciousness of a ship, an important consideration in cruise liners where the onboard amenities are of high importance.[4][5]
Gross tonnage normally is a much higher value than displacement. This was not always the case; as the functions, engineering and architecture of ships have changed, the gross tonnage figures of the largest passenger ships have risen substantially, while the displacements of such ships have not. RMS Titanic, with a gross tonnage of 46,329, but a displacement reported at over 52,000 tons,[6] was heavier than contemporary 100,000 – 110,000 gross ton cruise ships which displace only around 50,000 tons. Similarly, the Cunard Line's RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth, of approximately 81,000 – 83,000 gross tons, but displacements of over 80,000 tons,[7] do not differ significantly in displacement from their new 148,528 gross ton successor, RMS Queen Mary 2, which has been estimated to displace approximately 76,000 tons, [8] or from the even newer 154,407 gross ton MS Freedom of the Seas,[9] which is also estimated to displace in the range of 75 – 80,000 tons.[10] Indeed, not until the 2009 launch of the first of the Oasis Class ships, which is projected to displace about 100,000 tons,[2] will there be a passenger ship which clearly surpasses the Cunard Queens of the 1930s in displacement.
However, by the conventional and historical measure of gross tonnage, there has been a recent dramatic increase in the size of the largest new ships. The Oasis class ships will measure 220,000 gross tons, over four times larger than Titanic and twice as large as the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s.
List of largest passenger ships of their time
Year Name Gross tonnage Company Country
1819 SS Savannah 320 BRT Savannah Steamship Company United States
1831 SS Royal William 540 BRT St. John & Halifax Steam Navigation Company Canada
1838 SS Great Western 1,340 BRT Great Western Steamship Company United Kingdom
1839 SS British Queen 1,862 BRT British & American Steam Navigation Company United Kingdom
1840 SS President 2,366 BRT British & American Steam Navigation Company United Kingdom
1845 SS Great Britain 3,270 BRT Great Western Steamship Company United Kingdom
1853 SS Himalaya 3,438 BRT P & O Steam Navigation Company Ltd. United Kingdom
1853 SS Atrato 3,466 BRT Royal Mail Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1857 SS Adriatic 4,145 BRT New York & Liverpool United States Mail S.S. Co. (Collins) United States
1858 SS Great Eastern 18,915 BRT Eastern Steam Navigation Company United Kingdom
1867 RMS Republic (after loss of Great Eastern) 4,352 BRT Pacific Mail Steamship Company Inc. United States
1871 RMS Egypt 4,670 BRT National Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1873 RMS City of Chester 4,770 BRT Inman Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1874 RMS Britannic 5,008 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1875 SS City of Berlin 5,526 BRT Inman Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1881 SS Servia 7,391 BRT Cunard Line United Kingdom
1881 SS City of Rome 8,415 BRT Inman Line United Kingdom
1888 SS City of New York 10,499 BRT Inman Line United Kingdom
1893 RMS Campania 12,950 BRT Cunard Line United Kingdom
1893 RMS Lucania 12,952 BRT Cunard Line United Kingdom
1897 SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Große 14,349 BRT Norddeutscher Lloyd Germany
1899 RMS Oceanic 17,274 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1901 RMS Celtic 21,035 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1905 SS Amerika 22,225 BRT Hapag Germany
1905 RMS Baltic 23,876 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1906 SS Kaiserin Auguste Victoria 24,581 BRT Hapag Germany
1907 RMS Lusitania 31,550 BRT Cunard Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1907 RMS Mauretania 31,938 BRT Cunard Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1911 RMS Olympic 45,234 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1912 RMS Titanic 46,329 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1912 RMS Olympic (after loss of Titanic and refit) 46,439 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1913 SS Imperator 52,117 BRT Hapag Germany
1914 SS Vaterland 54,282 BRT Hapag Germany
1914 SS Bismarck 56,551 BRT Hapag Germany
1922 RMS Majestic (ex Bismarck) 56,551 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1935 SS Normandie 79,280 BRT Compagnie Générale Transatlantique S.A. France
1940 RMS Queen Elizabeth 83,673 BRT Cunard-White Star Ltd. United Kingdom
1971 SS Seawise University (ex Queen Elizabeth) 83,673 BRT Orient Overseas Container Line Hong Kong
1972 SS France (after loss of Seawise University) 66,343 BRT Compagnie Générale Transatlantique France
1984 SS Norway (ex France) 70,202 BRT Norwegian Cruise Line Norway/United States
1988 MS Sovereign of the Seas 73,192 BRT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
1990 SS Norway (after reconstruction) 76,049 BRT Norwegian Cruise Line Norway/United States
1996 MS Carnival Destiny 101,509 BRZ Carnival Cruise Line Inc. United States
1997 MS Grand Princess 108,865 BRZ P & O Princess Cruises Ltd. United Kingdom/United States
1999 MS Voyager of the Seas 137,276 BRT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
2000 MS Explorer of the Seas 137,308 BRT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
2004 RMS Queen Mary 2 148,528 BRT Cunard Line Ltd. United Kingdom
2006 MS Freedom of the Seas 154,407 GT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
2007 MS Liberty of the Seas and MS Freedom of the Seas 154,407 GT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
2008 MS Independence of the Seas 154,407 GT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such as the ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters once common on the seas in which the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight. Indeed, until recently virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail, package freight and express, and other cargo in addition to passenger luggage, and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks, kingposts, or other cargo-handling gear for that purpose. Only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated.
While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine, passenger ships have also been used as troopships and often are commissioned as naval ships when used as for that purpose.
Types
Passenger ships include ferries, which are vessels for day or overnight short-sea trips moving passengers and vehicles (whether road or rail); ocean liners, which typically are passenger or passenger-cargo vessels transporting passengers and often cargo on longer line voyages; and cruise ships, which typically transport passengers on round-trips, in which the trip itself and the attractions of the ship and ports visited are the principal draw.
An ocean liner is the traditional form of passenger ship. Once such liners operated on scheduled line voyages to all inhabited parts of the world. With the advent of airliners transporting passengers and specialized cargo vessels hauling freight, line voyages have almost died out. But with their decline came an increase in sea trips for pleasure, and in the latter part of the 20th century ocean liners gave way to cruise ships as the predominant form of large passenger ship.
Although some ships have characteristics of both types, the design priorities of the two forms are different: ocean liners value speed and traditional luxury while cruise ships value amenities (swimming pools, theaters, ball rooms, casinos, sports facilities, etc.) rather than speed. These priorities produce different designs. In addition, ocean liners typically were built to cross the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United States or travel even further to South America or Asia while cruise ships typically serve shorter routes with more stops along coastlines or among various islands.
For a long time cruise ships were never as large as the old ocean liners had been, but in the 1980s this changed when Knut Kloster, the director of Norwegian Caribbean Lines, bought one of the biggest surviving liners, the SS France, and transformed her into a huge cruise ship, which he renamed the SS Norway. Her success demonstrated that there was a market for large cruise ships. Successive classes of ever-larger ships were ordered, until the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was finally dethroned from her 56-year reign as the largest passenger ship ever built.
Both the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) (1969) and her successor as Cunard's flagship RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2), which entered service in 2004, are of hybrid construction. Like transatlantic ocean liners, they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand the rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service,[1] but both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships, with the amenities expected in that trade. QM2 superseded the Explorer of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built, and in turn was surpassed by Royal Caribbean's cruise ship Freedom of the Seas. The latter ship, and her sisters, will in turn be superseded by ships of the Oasis Class scheduled for delivery starting in 2009. [2]
[edit] Measures of size
By convention and long usage, the size of civilian passenger ships is measured by gross tonnage, which is a measure of enclosed volume. Gross tonnage is not a measure of weight, although the two concepts are often confused. Weight is measured by displacement, which is the conventional means of measuring naval vessels. Often a passenger ship is stated to "weigh" or "displace" a certain "tonnage", but the figure given nearly always refers to gross tons.
While a high displacement can indicate better sea keeping abilities,[3] gross tonnage is promoted as the most important measure of size for passengers, as the ratio of gross tonnage per passenger – the Passenger/Space Ratio – gives a sense of the spaciousness of a ship, an important consideration in cruise liners where the onboard amenities are of high importance.[4][5]
Gross tonnage normally is a much higher value than displacement. This was not always the case; as the functions, engineering and architecture of ships have changed, the gross tonnage figures of the largest passenger ships have risen substantially, while the displacements of such ships have not. RMS Titanic, with a gross tonnage of 46,329, but a displacement reported at over 52,000 tons,[6] was heavier than contemporary 100,000 – 110,000 gross ton cruise ships which displace only around 50,000 tons. Similarly, the Cunard Line's RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth, of approximately 81,000 – 83,000 gross tons, but displacements of over 80,000 tons,[7] do not differ significantly in displacement from their new 148,528 gross ton successor, RMS Queen Mary 2, which has been estimated to displace approximately 76,000 tons, [8] or from the even newer 154,407 gross ton MS Freedom of the Seas,[9] which is also estimated to displace in the range of 75 – 80,000 tons.[10] Indeed, not until the 2009 launch of the first of the Oasis Class ships, which is projected to displace about 100,000 tons,[2] will there be a passenger ship which clearly surpasses the Cunard Queens of the 1930s in displacement.
However, by the conventional and historical measure of gross tonnage, there has been a recent dramatic increase in the size of the largest new ships. The Oasis class ships will measure 220,000 gross tons, over four times larger than Titanic and twice as large as the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s.
List of largest passenger ships of their time
Year Name Gross tonnage Company Country
1819 SS Savannah 320 BRT Savannah Steamship Company United States
1831 SS Royal William 540 BRT St. John & Halifax Steam Navigation Company Canada
1838 SS Great Western 1,340 BRT Great Western Steamship Company United Kingdom
1839 SS British Queen 1,862 BRT British & American Steam Navigation Company United Kingdom
1840 SS President 2,366 BRT British & American Steam Navigation Company United Kingdom
1845 SS Great Britain 3,270 BRT Great Western Steamship Company United Kingdom
1853 SS Himalaya 3,438 BRT P & O Steam Navigation Company Ltd. United Kingdom
1853 SS Atrato 3,466 BRT Royal Mail Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1857 SS Adriatic 4,145 BRT New York & Liverpool United States Mail S.S. Co. (Collins) United States
1858 SS Great Eastern 18,915 BRT Eastern Steam Navigation Company United Kingdom
1867 RMS Republic (after loss of Great Eastern) 4,352 BRT Pacific Mail Steamship Company Inc. United States
1871 RMS Egypt 4,670 BRT National Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1873 RMS City of Chester 4,770 BRT Inman Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1874 RMS Britannic 5,008 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1875 SS City of Berlin 5,526 BRT Inman Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1881 SS Servia 7,391 BRT Cunard Line United Kingdom
1881 SS City of Rome 8,415 BRT Inman Line United Kingdom
1888 SS City of New York 10,499 BRT Inman Line United Kingdom
1893 RMS Campania 12,950 BRT Cunard Line United Kingdom
1893 RMS Lucania 12,952 BRT Cunard Line United Kingdom
1897 SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Große 14,349 BRT Norddeutscher Lloyd Germany
1899 RMS Oceanic 17,274 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1901 RMS Celtic 21,035 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1905 SS Amerika 22,225 BRT Hapag Germany
1905 RMS Baltic 23,876 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1906 SS Kaiserin Auguste Victoria 24,581 BRT Hapag Germany
1907 RMS Lusitania 31,550 BRT Cunard Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1907 RMS Mauretania 31,938 BRT Cunard Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1911 RMS Olympic 45,234 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1912 RMS Titanic 46,329 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1912 RMS Olympic (after loss of Titanic and refit) 46,439 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1913 SS Imperator 52,117 BRT Hapag Germany
1914 SS Vaterland 54,282 BRT Hapag Germany
1914 SS Bismarck 56,551 BRT Hapag Germany
1922 RMS Majestic (ex Bismarck) 56,551 BRT White Star Line Ltd. United Kingdom
1935 SS Normandie 79,280 BRT Compagnie Générale Transatlantique S.A. France
1940 RMS Queen Elizabeth 83,673 BRT Cunard-White Star Ltd. United Kingdom
1971 SS Seawise University (ex Queen Elizabeth) 83,673 BRT Orient Overseas Container Line Hong Kong
1972 SS France (after loss of Seawise University) 66,343 BRT Compagnie Générale Transatlantique France
1984 SS Norway (ex France) 70,202 BRT Norwegian Cruise Line Norway/United States
1988 MS Sovereign of the Seas 73,192 BRT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
1990 SS Norway (after reconstruction) 76,049 BRT Norwegian Cruise Line Norway/United States
1996 MS Carnival Destiny 101,509 BRZ Carnival Cruise Line Inc. United States
1997 MS Grand Princess 108,865 BRZ P & O Princess Cruises Ltd. United Kingdom/United States
1999 MS Voyager of the Seas 137,276 BRT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
2000 MS Explorer of the Seas 137,308 BRT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
2004 RMS Queen Mary 2 148,528 BRT Cunard Line Ltd. United Kingdom
2006 MS Freedom of the Seas 154,407 GT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
2007 MS Liberty of the Seas and MS Freedom of the Seas 154,407 GT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States
2008 MS Independence of the Seas 154,407 GT Royal Caribbean International Norway/United States