灵鹊做题网请大家用中、英语帮我解释一下WTO's multilateral trading system 和regional in
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请大家用中、英语帮我解释一下WTO's multilateral trading system 和regional integration 起的重要角色和他们各自的定义
怎么没一个人能看的懂 哭
怎么没一个人能看的懂 哭
WTO's multilateral trading system
THE WTO IN BRIEF:PART 1
The multilateral trading system鈥攑ast,present and future
The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995.One of the youngest of the international organizations,the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War.
So while the WTO is still young,the multilateral trading system that was originally set up under GATT is well over 50 years old.
The past 50 years have seen an exceptional growth in world trade.Merchandise exports grew on average by 6% annually.Total trade in 2000 was 22-times the level of 1950.GATT and the WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous trading system contributing to unprecedented growth.
The system was developed through a series of trade negotiations,or rounds,held under GATT.The first rounds dealt mainly with tariff reductions but later negotiations included other areas such as anti-dumping and non-tariff measures.The last round 鈥 the 1986-94 Uruguay Round 鈥 led to the WTO鈥檚 creation.
The negotiations did not end there.Some continued after the end of the Uruguay Round.In February 1997 agreement was reached on telecommunications services,with 69 governments agreeing to wide-ranging liberalization measures that went beyond those agreed in the Uruguay Round.
In the same year 40 governments successfully concluded negotiations for tariff-free trade in information technology products,and 70 members concluded a financial services deal covering more than 95% of trade in banking,insurance,securities and financial information.
In 2000,new talks started on agriculture and services.These have now been incorporated into a broader agenda launched at the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha,Qatar,in November 2001.
The work programme,the Doha Development Agenda (DDA),adds negotiations and other work on non-agricultural tariffs,trade and environment,WTO rules such as anti-dumping and subsidies,investment,competition policy,trade facilitation,transparency in government procurement,intellectual property,and a range of issues raised by developing countries as difficulties they face in implementing the present WTO agreements.
The deadline for the negotiations is 1 January 2005.
regional integration
Regional Integration
The regional dimension of economic integration should be seen as complementary to the integration to the world economy,which may bring about subtantial benefits to developing and transition countries if adequately managed.The benefits from accrued intra-regional trade are well known:the importing country is in a position to meet its demand for consumption and production without having to ship in goods from great distance,while the exporting country gains without incurring large transport costs and by enlarging the scale of its production,which reduces costs.Further,from an investment point of view,many low-income countries do not have the necessary economic size to be sufficiently attractive for foreign investment.The preferential access to neighbouring markets 鈥 both for goods and services 鈥 which can be established through the negotiation of free-trade agreements or customs-union enable partner countries to make use of regional specialization and increase the size of their internal market,thus becoming potential hubs for goods and services throughout the region.
Many initiatives have thus been launched - examples thereof are the Euromed Initiative,as well as the Stability Pact for deepened regional cooperation in the Balkans,following the peace process 鈥 which,beyond their economic dimension,aim at strengthening political,social and cultural links among the concerned partner countries.
While during the last decades,regional integration was largely a North-North initative,respectively took the form of asymmetric North-South preferential schemes (e.g.GSP,Lom茅,Cotonou agreements),this has changed,and more and more developing and transition countries are negotiating and implementing various forms of regional integration agreement,to supplement and deepen their multilateral approach of economic cooperation.
To ensure the highest possible 鈥渄evelopment friendliness鈥 of regional integration vehicles,both the external and the internal dimensions of regional integration should be addressed carefully.
Internally,the adequate institutional structure,ensuring an efficient functioning should be designed and implemented.Externally,the right 鈥渕ix鈥 and sequencing of foreign trade instruments should be assessed and negotiated with the trading partners,so as to sustain the economic developments of the countries involved,and not 鈥 on the contrary- to limit the necessary policy space for their sustainable development.
IDEAS鈥 approach
COTTON
Through its Cotton project,IDEAS is targetting the strengthening of existing instruments for regional cooperation among West African countries,both under the umbrella of WAEMU and ECOWAS,through a specific issue-based approach.The project aims at fostering the establishment of adequate decision-making structures and coordination mechanisms among countries from the region,to allow that timely and adequate responses to development in international trade,primarily at the WTO,are taken.The impact of the institutional strengthening should go beyond the sectoral cotton initative and be utilized on a sustained basis for the strategic defense of the region鈥檚 trade and development interests.
STIMENA
The conviction on which the STIMENA project was founded was that sustained regional trade,economic cooperation and attractive investment frameworks are essential for improving the living conditions in the Middle East and thus for contributing to the peace process.STIMENA has carried out its task - in the framework of the Regional Economic Development Working Group (REDWG) of the multilateral peace process - in close cooperation with the four 鈥淐ore Parties鈥 - i.e.Egypt,Israel,Jordan and the PLO - and maintained close contacts with the USA and the EU,as well as academic,think-tanks and organizations working on trade-related issues in the MENA region.
THE WTO IN BRIEF:PART 1
The multilateral trading system鈥攑ast,present and future
The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995.One of the youngest of the international organizations,the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War.
So while the WTO is still young,the multilateral trading system that was originally set up under GATT is well over 50 years old.
The past 50 years have seen an exceptional growth in world trade.Merchandise exports grew on average by 6% annually.Total trade in 2000 was 22-times the level of 1950.GATT and the WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous trading system contributing to unprecedented growth.
The system was developed through a series of trade negotiations,or rounds,held under GATT.The first rounds dealt mainly with tariff reductions but later negotiations included other areas such as anti-dumping and non-tariff measures.The last round 鈥 the 1986-94 Uruguay Round 鈥 led to the WTO鈥檚 creation.
The negotiations did not end there.Some continued after the end of the Uruguay Round.In February 1997 agreement was reached on telecommunications services,with 69 governments agreeing to wide-ranging liberalization measures that went beyond those agreed in the Uruguay Round.
In the same year 40 governments successfully concluded negotiations for tariff-free trade in information technology products,and 70 members concluded a financial services deal covering more than 95% of trade in banking,insurance,securities and financial information.
In 2000,new talks started on agriculture and services.These have now been incorporated into a broader agenda launched at the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha,Qatar,in November 2001.
The work programme,the Doha Development Agenda (DDA),adds negotiations and other work on non-agricultural tariffs,trade and environment,WTO rules such as anti-dumping and subsidies,investment,competition policy,trade facilitation,transparency in government procurement,intellectual property,and a range of issues raised by developing countries as difficulties they face in implementing the present WTO agreements.
The deadline for the negotiations is 1 January 2005.
regional integration
Regional Integration
The regional dimension of economic integration should be seen as complementary to the integration to the world economy,which may bring about subtantial benefits to developing and transition countries if adequately managed.The benefits from accrued intra-regional trade are well known:the importing country is in a position to meet its demand for consumption and production without having to ship in goods from great distance,while the exporting country gains without incurring large transport costs and by enlarging the scale of its production,which reduces costs.Further,from an investment point of view,many low-income countries do not have the necessary economic size to be sufficiently attractive for foreign investment.The preferential access to neighbouring markets 鈥 both for goods and services 鈥 which can be established through the negotiation of free-trade agreements or customs-union enable partner countries to make use of regional specialization and increase the size of their internal market,thus becoming potential hubs for goods and services throughout the region.
Many initiatives have thus been launched - examples thereof are the Euromed Initiative,as well as the Stability Pact for deepened regional cooperation in the Balkans,following the peace process 鈥 which,beyond their economic dimension,aim at strengthening political,social and cultural links among the concerned partner countries.
While during the last decades,regional integration was largely a North-North initative,respectively took the form of asymmetric North-South preferential schemes (e.g.GSP,Lom茅,Cotonou agreements),this has changed,and more and more developing and transition countries are negotiating and implementing various forms of regional integration agreement,to supplement and deepen their multilateral approach of economic cooperation.
To ensure the highest possible 鈥渄evelopment friendliness鈥 of regional integration vehicles,both the external and the internal dimensions of regional integration should be addressed carefully.
Internally,the adequate institutional structure,ensuring an efficient functioning should be designed and implemented.Externally,the right 鈥渕ix鈥 and sequencing of foreign trade instruments should be assessed and negotiated with the trading partners,so as to sustain the economic developments of the countries involved,and not 鈥 on the contrary- to limit the necessary policy space for their sustainable development.
IDEAS鈥 approach
COTTON
Through its Cotton project,IDEAS is targetting the strengthening of existing instruments for regional cooperation among West African countries,both under the umbrella of WAEMU and ECOWAS,through a specific issue-based approach.The project aims at fostering the establishment of adequate decision-making structures and coordination mechanisms among countries from the region,to allow that timely and adequate responses to development in international trade,primarily at the WTO,are taken.The impact of the institutional strengthening should go beyond the sectoral cotton initative and be utilized on a sustained basis for the strategic defense of the region鈥檚 trade and development interests.
STIMENA
The conviction on which the STIMENA project was founded was that sustained regional trade,economic cooperation and attractive investment frameworks are essential for improving the living conditions in the Middle East and thus for contributing to the peace process.STIMENA has carried out its task - in the framework of the Regional Economic Development Working Group (REDWG) of the multilateral peace process - in close cooperation with the four 鈥淐ore Parties鈥 - i.e.Egypt,Israel,Jordan and the PLO - and maintained close contacts with the USA and the EU,as well as academic,think-tanks and organizations working on trade-related issues in the MENA region.