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请详细说一下时间状语从句.反义疑问句和表语.状语(打好了加高分)

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请详细说一下时间状语从句.反义疑问句和表语.状语(打好了加高分)
请详细说一下时间状语从句.反义疑问句和表语.状语(打好了加高分)
一.(adverbial clause of time)
概念:在复合句中,由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句.(在复合句中,要注意主句和从句的时态大多都要保持一致.)
1.由when, while, as,after,before,since,untill,引导的时间状语从句.例如:
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了.
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁.
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服.
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动.
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑.
【区别】when, while和as的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词.并且when有时表示“就在那时”.例如:
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭.(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水.(延续性的动词)
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了.
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应).并且while有时还可以表示对比.例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球.(对比)
As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后.例如:
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱.(as表示“一边……一边”)
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了.(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句.注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”.还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系.当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后.After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后.主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反.例如:
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来.
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我.
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了.
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了.
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的.
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了.(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句.till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until.并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同.till不可以用在句首,而until可以放在句首.例如:
I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉.
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语.
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止.
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作.
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我.
4.由since引导的时间状语从句. since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词.一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时.但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时.例如:
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了.
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了.
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了.
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句.这些连词都表示“一……就”.例如:
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去.
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点.
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话.
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意.主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时.当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序.例如:
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程.
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了.
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了.
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触.
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句.注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时.例如:
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了.
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了.
7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句.例如:
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我.
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了.
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了.
8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句.这两个连词表示“只要“例如:
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行.
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况.
这是一般现在,一般过去,现在进行,过去进行,现在完成,过去完成,现在完成进行,一般将来,过去将来时的时间状语:
1.Often,usually----------动词原型do,does,am,is, are
2.yesterday,last Sunday,in the past-------动词过去式did,was,were
3.now--------be+doing
4.while,at that time,-------was doing,were doing
5.since从句,for 2 days,------have done,have been
6.by+过去的某个时间点----had done,had been
7.与现在完成相似-------have been+持续动词ing形式
8.一切表示将来的时间状语,in+一段时间-------将来要发生的一般性动作,
will,shall+原型
9.与一般将来时相似-----------would+原型
二.表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于系动词(be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词)之后.如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句.
三.修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语
四.反义疑问句(The Disjunctive Question)
即附加疑问句.它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实.
反义疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致.
1.陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式
2.陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式
They work hard, don’t they?
She was ill yesterday, wasn’t she?
You didn’t go, did you?
He can’t ride a bike, can he?
[编辑本段]特殊的句型
请注意以下句型的反义疑问句的用法:
1.当陈述部分的主语是I , everyone, everything, nobody 时,后面的疑问句应表示为:
I am a student, aren’t I ?
Everyone is in the classroom, aren’t they? (基本不用单数)
Nobody will go, will they?
2. 当陈述部分有never,seldom, hardly,few,little,barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词时,后面的疑问句则为肯定形式: There are few apples in the basket, are there?
He can hardly swim, can he?
They seldom come late, do they?
3. 当主句部分谓语动词为think,believe,guess,疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致(主句时态必需是一般现在时);但如果主句的时态是过去时等等,疑问句应和主句的人称时态保持一致.
I think chickens can swim, can’t they?
I think Lucy is a good girl, isn’t she?
I didn't think he was happy, did I?
I thought he was a teacher, didn't I?
若主语为第三人称时,疑问句应和主句的人称时态保持一致.
4. 陈述部分有had better,或其中的have表示“有”、完成时态 时,疑问句应用hadn’t等开头:
You’d better get up early, hadn’t you?
其他情况句中有have时疑问句应用don't等开头
5.当陈述部分是祈使句时,疑问句要根据语气来表达
Let’s go out for a walk, shall we? (当开头是Let‘s时,一定要用shall we.Let us也不行)
Let us go out for a walk, will you?
Turn on the radio, will you?
Let me help you,may I?
6.反意疑问句的回答用yes, no, 但是,回答意思相反,当陈述部分是否定形式时,回答要按事实.如:
They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗?
Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力./No, they don’t. 对, 他们工作不努力.
7.当陈述部分含有否定意思的词是unhappy,dislike,unfriendly等含有否定词缀的派生词时,疑问部分要用否定形式.如:
He looks unhappy,doesn't he?他看上去不高兴,不是吗?
The girl dislikes history,doesn't she?这女孩不喜欢历史,不是吗?
8当反意疑问句的陈述部分为从句时,若主句主语为 I ,反意部分的主语为从句主语;若不为 I ,反义部分的主语为主句主语.
eg:①I known your father is a worker, isn't he?
②He has gone to America since two days ago, hasn't he?
9. There be 句型中,反义疑问部分必须为 be 动词 + there
There are some apples in the basket, aren't there?
There isn't any milk left, is there?
10.当陈述部分有情态动词must,问句有4种情况:
(1)mustn't表示“禁止,不可”时,附加问句通常要用must.
You mustn't stop your car here,must you?
你不能把车停在这地方,知道吗?
(2)must表示“有必要”时,附加问句通常要用needn't.
They must finish the work today,needn't they?
他们今天要完成这项工作,是吗?
(3)当must用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时,问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式.
He must be good at english,isn't he?
他英语一定学得很好,是吗?
(4)当must+have done表示对过去的情况进行推测(一般句中有明确的过去时间状语),问句要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didn't+主语”或“wasn't/weren't+主语”;如果强调动作的完成(一般没有明确的过去时间状语),问句要用“haven't/hasn't+主语”.
She must have read the novel last week,didn't she?
她上星期一定读了这本小说,是吗?
You must told her about it,haven't you?
你一定把这事告诉她了,是吗?
[编辑本段]重点归纳
快速记忆表
陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主语
no,nothing,nobody,never,
few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含义
rarely, little等否定
含义的词
ought to(肯定的) shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主语
must 根据实际情况而定
感叹句中 be +主语
Neither…nor,
either…or 连接的根 据其实际逻辑意义而定
并列主语
指示代词或不定代词
everything,that, 主语用it
nothing,this
并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句的
主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语
省去主语的祈使句 will you?
Let's 开头的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)
否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式
must表"推测" 根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句