英语翻译ABSTRACTWhile a cutting tool is machining a workpiece at

英语翻译
ABSTRACT
While a cutting tool is machining a workpiece at various cutting
depth,the feedrate is usually selected based on the maximum
depth of cut.Even if this selection can avoid power saturation
or tool breakage,it is very conservative compared to the
capacity of the machine tools and can reduce the productivity
significantly.Many adaptive control techniques have been
reported that can adjust the feedrate to maintain the constant
cutting force.However,these controllers are not very widely
used in manufacturing industry because of the limitations in
measuring the cutting force signals.In this paper,turning force
control systems based on the estimated cutting force signals are
proposed.A synthesized cutting force monitor is introduced to
estimate the cutting force as accurately as a dynamometer does.
Three control strategies of PI,adaptive and fuzzy logic
controllers arc applied to investigate the feasibility of utilizing
the estimated cutting force for turning force control,The
experimental results demonstrate that the proposed systems can
be easily realized in CNC lathe with requiring little additional
hardware.
1.INTRODUCTION
The problem of constant turning force control at the appropriate
value is one of the key issues encountered in the modern
Computer Numerical Control (CNQ technologies.
Maintaining the cutting force under varying cutting conditions
and workpiece materials is important for many reasons:better
surface finish and dimensional accuracy,longer tool life,and
among others,better machine utilization which results in
substantial improvement in productivity.For instance,one can
adjust the feed-rate (1] to maximize the material removal rate
without causing the power saturation or tool breakage.This
kind of control strategy is called adaptive control with constraint
(ACC).
Although the above adaptive controllers for the turning force
control are commercially available,they are not very widely
used in manufacturing industry.It is believed that the reason
for their poor industrial acceptance is not the potential problem
with the very nonlinear variations of the cutting processes,but
the limitations in measuring the cutting force signals.The
cutting force signal can be measured directly by sensors such as
dynamometers,but installation of the sensors is not feasible for
most lathe due to high cost,reduced stiffness,leading to chatter,
engineering constraints (space,weight,etc.) and interference
with cutting performance.In addition,for a lathe with a turret,
such as the CNC lathe considered in this study,a separate
dynamometer would be needed for each tool.
A cutting force sensing method that can eliminate many of
the above limitations is model-based estimation approach.
For example,Spiewak [21 developed an indirect force sensor based on the measurement of 3-axis spindle acceleration and spindle deflections.Shiraish and Aoshima [3] estimated the cutting force using a state observer and the displacement transducer.While the above methods require extra sensors instrumented in the spindle drive or feed drive,another method without add-on
sensors is proposed by Huh,et al.
不求一字一句,但求看的明白,.在线下面的几位的翻译真是.这样的我也会

此文专业性很强,不是谁都能翻的,我的答复请放心采用.文章不全,如果还需要翻译,请发帖,并请把链接告诉我.
ABSTRACT
摘要
While a cutting tool is machining a workpiece at various cutting
depth, the feed rate is usually selected based on the maximum
depth of cut. 在一把切削刀具以不同的切削深度加工一个工件时,
其进刀速度通常是根据最大切削深度决定的.
Even if this selection can avoid power saturation
or tool breakage, it is very conservative compared to the
capacity of the machine tools and can reduce the productivity
significantly. 即使这样的选择可以避免功率饱和或刀具断裂,但其与
机床的能力来比还是很保守的,而且会降低生产率.
Many adaptive control techniques have been
reported that can adjust the feedrate to maintain the constant
cutting force. 业已报道了多种自适应控制技术,它们可以调节进刀
速度,从而保持恒定的切削力.
However, these controllers are not very widely
used in manufacturing industry because of the limitations in
measuring the cutting force signals. 可是这些控制器在制造行业用
得不很广,因为在测量切削力信号上存在一些限制.
In this paper, turning force control systems based on the estimated
cutting force signals are proposed. 本文提出了基于估计切削力信号
的车削力控制系统.A synthesized cutting force monitor is introduced
to estimate the cutting force as accurately as a dynamometer does.
采用一个合成的切削力监控器以测功机能达到的精度来估计切削力.
Three control strategies of PI, adaptive and fuzzy logic controllers arc
applied to investigate the feasibility of utilizing the estimated cutting
force for turning force control, 采用PI（比例积分控制）的三种策略、
自适应和模糊逻辑控制器来研究利用此估计的切削力进行车削力控制
的可行性.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed
systems can be easily realized in CNC lathe with requiring little
additional hardware. 实验结果证实,我们提出的系统几乎不需要什
么额外的硬件就可很容易地在CNC车床上实现
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 引言
The problem of constant turning force control at the appropriate
value is one of the key issues encountered in the modern
Computer Numerical Control (CNQ technologies. 以适当的值进行
恒定车削力控制的问题是现代计算机数控（CNC）技术所碰到的关键
问题之一.Maintaining the cutting force under varying cutting
conditions and workpiece materials is important for many reasons:
在切削条件和关键材料变化的条件下保持切削力非常重要,其原因是：
better surface finish and dimensional accuracy, longer tool life, and
among others, better machine utilization which results in
substantial improvement in productivity. 较好的表面光洁度和尺寸
精度,较长的刀具寿命,包括较好的机器利用率,从而导致生产率
得到很大的改善.For instance, one can adjust the feed-rate (1] to
maximize the material removal rate without causing the power
saturation or tool breakage. 例如,你可以对进刀速度进行调节,
使材料切除速度最大化而不致引起功率饱和或刀具断裂.This
kind of control strategy is called adaptive control with constraint
(ACC). 这种控制策略就称为有限制的自适应控制（ACC）.
Although the above adaptive controllers for the turning force
control are commercially available, they are not very widely
used in manufacturing industry.虽然上面用于车削力的自适应控制
器已能以商品获得,但它们在制造行业还没广泛采用. It is
believed that the reason for their poor industrial acceptance is not
the potential problem with the very nonlinear variations of the
cutting processes, but the limitations in measuring the cutting
force signals. 据信,它们没有被产业界很好接受的原因,并不是
因为切削过程完全非线性变化所带来的潜在问题,而是在测量切削
力信号上存在限制.The cutting force signal can be measured
directly by sensors such as dynamometers, but installation of the
sensors is not feasible for most lathe due to high cost, reduced
stiffness, leading to chatter, engineering constraints (space,
weight, etc.) and interference with cutting performance. 切削力信号
可以用传感器（例如测功机）直接测量,但是传感器的安装对大多数
车床来说是不可行的,因为成本很高,刚度降低,导致颤振,工程上
的限制（空间、重量等）,以及干扰切削性能.
In addition, for a lathe with a turret, such as the CNC lathe
considered in this study, a separate dynamometer would be needed
for each tool. 此外,对于带转塔的车床,如本研究所考虑的CNC车
床来说,每个刀具需要一个独立的测功机.A cutting force sensing
method that can eliminate many of the above limitations is
model-based estimation approach. 一种能够消除上述很多限制的切削力
传感方法就是基于模型的估计法.
问题补充：For example, Spiewak [21 developed an indirect force sensor based on the measurement of 3-axis spindle acceleration and spindle deflections. 例如,Spiewak【21】开发了一种基于3轴（坐标）主轴加速度和主轴挠度测量的间接的力传感器.Shiraish and Aoshima [3] estim model-based estimation approach ated the cutting force using a state observer and the displacement transducer.Shiraish 和Aoshima[3]提出了基于模型的估计法,用状态观察器和位移传感器来估计切削力.While the above methods require extra sensors instrumented in the spindle drive or feed drive, another method without add-on sensors is proposed by Huh, et al. [4]. 上述方法需要额外的传感器装备在主轴传动或进刀传动处,而Huh等人则提出另一种毋需增加传感器的方法.This method considers the cutting force as a disturbance input to the spindle drive and estimates the cutting force based on the built-in sensor output
and the inverse dynamic model.这种方法把切削力看成为一种输入到主轴传动的扰动,并根据内置传感器的输出和逆态模型来估计切削力In this paper, turning force control systems are developed
based on the estimated cutting force signals and their feasibility is investigated. In order to accurately estimate the cutting force at the transient as well as at the steady-state, a synthesized cutting force monitor is introduced. 在本文中,根据估计的切削力信号开发了车削力控制系统,并研究了它们的可行性.为了精确的估计瞬态下和稳态下的切削力,引入了合成的切削力监控器.