英语翻译Following the eighteenth-century nomenclature of Stephen

英语翻译
Following the eighteenth-century nomenclature of Stephen Hales,chemists referred io this as the problem of fixation of nitrogen.The rise of the Nobel explosives industry based upon nitroglycerine and dynamite was also to increase demand for nitric acid and therefore of a convenient method of synthesis from nitrogen.
One obvious way of' fixing nitrogen was to use the method long ago discovered by Cavendish whereby nitrogen and oxygen were sparked together form oxides of nitrogen from which nitric acid could be prepared.The snag was that,industrially,such a process demanded extremely high temperatures (2000--3000℃) and therefore uneconomic amount of electricity.Since such a process was only available with cheap hydroelectricity,it was only worded for some years in Norway after 1903 when a process was perfected by Olaf Birkeland (a physicist) and Sam Eyde (an engineer).Despite its limitations,the Birkeland-Eyde attracted the attention of academic chemists such as Fritz Haber (1868-1934) and Walther Nernst (1864-1941),who were interested in the thermodynamics of' reactions.In 1903 Haber showed that ammonia could be synthesized at the not unreasonable temperature of 1000℃ if an iron catalyst was used:
3H2+ N2 → 2NH3
However,the yield was infinitesimal and of' no commercial significance.
To Haber's embarrassment,this was publicly challenged by Nernst,who poinded out that Haber had paid insufficient attention to pressure as a factor in driving the equilibrium to the right.Haber therefore reinvestigated the matter thoroughly from first principles and derived optimum thermodynamic conditions for the reactions.Using an osmium.uranium carbide or iron catalyst,a pressure of 200 atmospheres (402kPa) and a temperature of 500℃.Haber persuaded the firm of BASF that the synthesis did have commercial possibilities.That was in 1909.It took the engineer,Carl Bosch ( 1874-1940),and the firm's chief chemist,Alwin Mittasch ( 1869-1953) ,a further five years to scale up the process.One of the chief problems was the design of' a pressure converter of Some 65 tons,which involved Krupps in the development of new steel forging techniques.Bosch also had to develop a cheaper method for preparing hydrogen.Since electrolysis of' water was far too expensive.(Nitrogen was available from industrial plants via liquefaction of air by this date.) Bosch achieved this by passing steam over coke.

可惜我要下班了
呵呵 帮不了你了
再问： 下次上班时再帮我吧，非常感谢你！
再答： 想不到还没人翻译，呵呵 我来试试吧，不专业的地方请自己参考！ 史蒂芬海尔斯在18世纪的命名之后，化学家们将其视为固氮的问题。基于硝化甘油和炸药的诺贝尔爆炸品工业的崛起也需要更多的硝酸，和更简单的氮合成方法。. 一直以来，最显而易见的固氮方法是卡文迪什早就发现的，通过氮和氧生成氮氧化物，从中分离出硝酸。这种方法的障碍在于，在工业上这个过程要求有极高的温度(2000--3000℃)，并要因此浪费大量的电力。由于这个工艺只适用于水电便宜的时期，这个工艺只是在1903年挪威的Olaf Birkeland (物理学家) 和Sam Eyde (工程师)成功实施过之后被表述了一段时间。 尽管有其局限性，Birkeland-Eyde还是引起了研究反应热力学的学术性化学家的关注，如Fritz Haber (1868-1934) 和Walther Nernst (1864-1941)。1903年Haber证明了在1000摄氏度的时候能够合成氨，但需要铁催化剂的参与： 3H2+ N2 → 2NH3 但这个过程的合成量相当小，因此没有任何商业价值。让Haber尴尬的是，他的发现受到了Nernst的公然质疑。Nernst指出，Haber 没有充分关注压力因素在促成正确平衡过程中的作用。Haber 随之对整个实验从基本原则进行了彻底的重新分析，并推断出最佳热力反应条件，即使用锇碳化铀或铁催化剂、气压200 (402kPa) 、温度500℃。1909年，Haber说服了BASF公司，阐明了这种化学合成的潜在商业价值。工程师Carl Bosch ( 1874-1940）和公司的总化学师Alwin Mittasch ( 1869-1953) 又用了5年时间对整个工艺进行了扩展。其中一个最主要的问题就是重大约65吨的压力转换器的设计问题，其中涉及到 Krupps 新的锻钢技术的发展问题。由于电解水太贵，Bosch还需要开发出一套更经济的方法来准备氢。(目前通过工业厂房中通过空气液化能够得到氮。) Bosch采用的方法是蒸汽穿过焦炭。.
再问： 我百度上还有一些相关化专业英语提问，现在都没人解决，麻烦帮我一并翻译了吧，非常感谢，会有重赏的！！！我相信你能行的。
再答： 我有时间会看的，如果答案满意，请采纳！谢谢！