英语翻译This is arguably to overstate the case,however,since the

英语翻译
This is arguably to overstate the case,however,since the studies suffer from some important limitations and possibly from some methodological flaws.Most obvious is the question of ecological validity,or the generalizability of Neufeld's findings.First,the non-native speakers tested in the French studies were an elite few,drawn from a true bilingual environment (the English/French-medium University of Ottawa).After responding to a public request for subjects who considered themselves highly proficient bilinguals,the survived an initial screening interview for accentedness,and therefore were by definition not representative even of the attenuated sample volunteering for the study,much less of the population at large.This in no way invalidates them as potential test caes for the sensitibe period hypothesis,of course ,but severely limits any generalizations from the studies about pronunciation abilities.
Second,the speech sample in all Neufeld's studies was extremely limited,consisting of tape-recordings either of isolated model sentences or of very short(fifty-word) rehearsed passages read aloud by the subjects,and in some cases re-recorded by them if not in their opinion as native-like as they felt capable of sounding.The judges' task was to identify these (admittedly very proficient) speakers as non\natives,based on hearing the tiny careful sppech samples presented on tape,mixed in random order with renditions of the same passage read by a number of native speakers.How valid a sample even of those subjects' normal spontaneous speech is such 'language-like' behaviour?Is the test to be whether some subjects can fool some of the raters some of the time,or as we would argue,whether some subjects can fool all of the raters all of the time?'All of the time' obviously has to be circumscribed for the hypothesis to be testable at all,but not nearly as circumscribed as in Neufeld's research.（接下文）

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