英语翻译In addition to the exuberances and deficiencies introduc

英语翻译
In addition to the exuberances and deficiencies introduced by grammatical categories and words that are particular to a given language,another way in which language is inseparable from culture is that much of the meaning we glean from an utterance comes from how those words have been used in the past,what Becker calls prior text.Thus a cowboy movie is about prior cowboy movies more than it is about events that occurred on the American frontier.A viewer who had never before seen a western would miss many layers of meaning that would be obvious to a viewer who had seen many.Memories of prior text are necessary for all but the most rudimentary understanding of a language,and it is this memory – or the lack of it – that is the biggest barrier when speakers talk to each other across cultures.You might say that the reason an American does not realize that Have you eaten yet?is a greeting,not a literal question,and that a Burmese doesn’t realize that How are you?is a greeting,not a literal question,is that they lack the prior text that a native speaker has.
Understanding what is lost and what is added when texts are translated from one language to another reveals a few of the many ways that a language both reflects and creates a world.Similarly,the linguistic elements that vary from one culture to another are the very elements by which language works to create meaning.There is simply no way to speak without making choices about level of loudness,voice quality,words and grammatical structures,how to get the floor,how to frame the words to signal what you think you’re doing when you speak,and so on – and all these choices vary depending on the culture in which the language was learned.That is why it is misleading even to speak of “language and culture”; the very words imply that the two can be separated.

除了由语法范畴所引起的词意活跃和不足以及针对特定语言所使用的文字外,语言和文化的不可分割性还表现在我们从话语中所得到的意义大部分取决于这些文字在过去是如何被使用的,即Becker所说的前文本.因此,一部牛仔电影则是关于它之前的牛仔电影而并不只是那些发生在美国边远地区的事件.一个从未见过西部的人将会错过它包含的多层涵义,而这些涵义对那些见过西部的人来说却是在明显不过的了.对前文本的记忆是非常必要的,除了最基本的对语言的理解,而正是这种记忆--或者说是对这种记忆的缺失---成为了跨文化交际者最大的障碍.你或许会说美国人不明白你吃了没是在打招呼而并非真的问你吃了没,缅甸人不明白你好吗是在打招呼而并非真的问你好吗,的原因是他们缺少本族言语者所具有的前文本.在把一种语言翻译成另一种语言的时候,明白什么该删去什么该增添反映了语言反映并创造世界的众多方式中的一些.同样,语言正是通过那些随文化而变的语言元素创造着涵义.于是在说话时,不对声音的大小,音色的特点,词语和语法结构以及如何获得发言权,如何组织文字来表达你在想什么你在做什么等等做出选择便是不可能的.---而所有这些选择的变化则取决于该语言所习得的文化背景.那就是为什么即使说“语言和文化”也是误导性的；正是“语言和文化”这样的文字便意味着这二者可以被分开.