灵鹊做题网主从复合句and主谓一致知识点
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：灵鹊做题网作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/05/01 03:51:55
老师你好： 对于高中语法中的主从复合句and主谓一致，我总是搞不清楚，你能帮我吗?最好是配题解析
解题思路： 学习语法时要多结合例句进行掌握。
解题过程：
下面结合例句进行讲解，希望对你有所帮助： 主从复合句 一、概念： 主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起来会议没完没了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快点, 要不然就来不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。) 二、分类： 从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。（参见以下各条） 三、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法： (1) 表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。
例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
①基本形式：（主句＋）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+...
② 关于宾语从句连词的选择：
若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;
若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或whether;
若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)
例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。) (从句来源于一般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine? )
③ 宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；
如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)
④ 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (对不起,我迟到了。) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。
时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)
地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里来还滚到哪里去！) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)
目的状语从句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)
结果状语从句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)
比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我书没有你多)
让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。如：Even if you pay the debt(债务) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)
条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)
[注意] 1、because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。
2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。
(4) 定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
① 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)
② 语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。
③ 关系代词或关系副词的作用：
关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)
关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)
④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)
[注解]
1、关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)
2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)
3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)
4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)
(5) 主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)
主谓一致
主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在"人称"和"数"方面的一致关系，这又叫做"主--动一致".这种一致关系常为三种不同的原则所支配，即语法一致原则,意义一致原则和就近原则。
A:理论上理解
语法一致
如果主语是复数，动词就该用复数形式；如果主语是单数名词或不可数名词，动词便用单数形式。
Both boys have their own merits.
Few students are really lazy.
Many people want to go.
Two girls were standing on the corner.
Each boy has his own book.
Every girl comes on time.
Either answer is correct.
Much effort is wasted.
No one except his own supporters agrees with him.
意义一致
有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单、复数形式，而是取决于主语的单、复数意义。这种一致关系叫做意义一致 。
The government have asked the country to decide by a vote投票.
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register.
就近原则
有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单、复数形式，这种一致关系所依据的原则叫做"就近原则"
Either my brothers or my father is coming.
Only one out of five were present.
Neither Julia nor I am going.
B: 实践上操作
1.两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and或both...and 连接，谓语用复数．
Tom and Dick are good friends.
You , he and I are students .
Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop .
Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of china.
注意：指同一个人，同一事物或同一概念，谓动用单数。如：a peasant and writer 一个农民作家，the worker and poet 这位工人兼诗人;a knife and fork 一副刀叉，a watch and chain一块带链的表，a coat and tie配有领带的上衣，a needle and thread 针线; aim and end 目的，truth and honesty 真诚，love and affection 情感, law and order 治安,iron and steel 钢铁
The teacher and writer is her friend .
The worker and writer is talking to the students。
Bread and butter tastes good.
War and peace is a constant 不变的theme in history
Ham火腿 and eggs is a good breakfast.
2. 主语后面跟有with , like , accompanied by, along with, as much as, as well as , besides, but, except, in addition to, including, instead of, let alone, no less than, not to mention, rather than, together with 等引起的短语,谓语和主语一致。
Tim, as much as his brothers, was responsible for the loss. Nobody but Jack and Tom was there.
The teachers rather than the student’s father are more concerned about 关心 this matter. John, together with his family, is flying to London.
The teacher , including his students , is going to see Professor Smith .
3.不定代词作主语，谓动单数。如：anybody ，everybody，everyone ，nobody，anyone ， everything ，each one ，no one，anything ，nothing， each ， neither ，either ，one，somebody，something ，someone
Has everyone finished their drinks?Has everyone finished his or her drink? (正式文体中)
Everything around us is matter .
Somebody is using the phone .
Each of the books costs five yuan
Every sliver knife, fork, and spoon has to be counted.Each book and magazine is listed on the shelf .
注意： a. 由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each , every ,或many a + 单数名词,表示“许多...”或more than one + 单数名词 ，表示“不止一个”, 或表示数量的one and a half +复数名词 ，谓动都用单数
Every student and every teacher was in the room .
No boy and no girl likes it .
Many a man and many a woman finds himself or herself in need.
At Christmas each boy and each girl is given a present.
More than one game was lost .
Many a man has done his duty .
One and a half bananas is left on the table .
注意：a great/good many 后的名词是复数
A great/good many books have been written on the subject
b.. all 作主语，表示人时， 用复数； 表整个事或情况时，用单数。
All that I want is a good dictionary .
All were silent at that time ..
All were out of danger . 所有人脱离危险。
c. such 作主语，根据所指内容而定
Such is our plan .
Such are my hopes .
4.并列主语由or , nor , either ..or , neither ... nor , not only ...but also ..,not ...but .连接时，谓动就近原则。
Either the teacher or the students are to blame.
Not only the students but also their teacher doesn’t know about it .
Either you or I am mad .
Are either you or I mad ?
5.由some of , plenty of , a lot of , lots of , most of , the rest of , half of , a large quantity of 大量,分数或..% of +名词，谓动与of 后的名词保持数的一致。
A lot of students are waiting outside.
Lots of money has been wasted .
More than 30 percent of the surface is covered by water .
Three-fifths of the students are from other counties .
Plenty of the sugar is imported 进口from Cuba .
Half of the building was damaged in the explosion.
Half of the students are girls.
Over sixty per cent of the city was destroyed in the war.
Thirty-five per cent of the doctors were women.
A large quantity of food is wasted every day .
A large quantity of apples are shipped abroad every year.
但： a. large quantities of 作主语，谓动用复数
Large quantities of food were wasted at that time .
b. a great deal of , a large amount of + 不可数名词 作主语，谓动单数,但large amounts of +不可数名词 作主语,谓动复数
A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway.
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge .
6. 如果主语是由“a kind/sort/type of ,this kind/sort/type of +名词”构成，动词用单数, 即使of-词组中的名词为复数，动词仍用单数;a pair of ,或 this pair of trousers, shoes, glasses 作主语，谓动往往用单数.
There is a kind of rose in the garden, which fills the air with fragrance when May comes.
There are many kinds of pears .
This kind of man annoys惹恼me.
This kind/sort of apples is highly priced.(=Apples of this kind are highly priced. )
That type of men is dangerous.(=Men of this kind are dangerous.)
This pair of compasses is made in Beijing .
There is a pair of glasses on your bed.
注意：若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those,同时，of-词组中的名词又是复数，则动词用复数：
These kinds of men annoy me.
Those types/sorts of machines are up to date.
7. 如果主语由“an average 平均of ; a ( the ) majority 大多数、大部分of+复数名词”构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后的动词用复数；如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念，则动词用单数。比较：
An average of 25 persons apply each month.
An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.
A /The majority of the town's younger men are moving to the city.
注意：a. the majority of +复数名词作主语，用复数，若仅是majority 一个词，动词可用单或复数
The majority of students like tennis .
The vast majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.
The majority was / were in favor of the proposal 建议。
b. the number / amount /percentage 百分比of +复数名词，谓动单数
The number of students in the class is forty .
The percentage of unskilled workers is small .
8.在there be +主语中，就近原则
There is an apple , two oranges and some bananas on the plate.
There are two oranges , an apple and some bananas on the plate.
9 Who, which, that 作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。
Those who want to go should sign your names here.
Anyone who breaks the rules is going to be punished
The books which are of great value are well worth reading .
注意：....one of the ...复数名词 + who / that / which + 复数谓动
....the only one of the .... 复数名词 + who / that / which + 单数谓动
She is one of the engineers who are expert in German .
She is the only one of the engineers who is expert in German .
10. all, any, more, most, some作主语，enough 作主语，如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数形式；如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数形式；none作主语，动词单复数形式都可以用，没有区别。
There is more in it than you imagine. Many people support the government, but more are against it.Most of his writing is rubbish.Most of her arguments were founded on fact
Some of the information has already been analyzed.Some of the books have been placed on the shelves.
Enough has been said on his subject.I hope enough of you are prepared to help with the show.None of his friends has ever been to Pairs.=None of his friends have ever been to Paris . None (of the money) has been spent on repairs. 11. 形容词加定冠词 the 表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。
What a life the poor were living!穷人们过着怎样的生活.
The young are happy to give their seats to the old.
The old are taken good care of here .
The beautiful gives pleasure to all . 美丽(的东西)给所有人带来快乐。
The blind are taught in special schools
但： The wounded（man）was a good friend of mine．
12. 表示时间、重量、长度等名词，尽管复数形式，作为一个整体看，谓语还是用单数。如果被看作组成该数量的一个个的个体，则动词用复数。
Five minutes is enough.
One dollar and seventy eight cents is what she has.
Three times five is fifteen . 三 乘五等于15.
Twenty years is a long time . Three miles was too long a distance for Freedman to run.
比较：There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings长统袜.
注意：两数相减或相除，动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，动词可用单数，也可用复数。
Forty minus fifteen (40-15) leaves twenty-five.
Forty divided by eight (40/8) is five.
Seven and five (7+5) makes/make twelve.
Five times eight (5+8) is /are forty.
13.主语从句，不定式及动名词作主语，谓动作单数
That he has won the game is known to us all .
Seeing is believing .
To see is to believe .
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
Driving cars is easy .
但：what 引导的从句所指的内容是复数意义时，谓动用复数，否则用单数
What I want to read most is the book named Go With the Wind .
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
What we need are good teachers. What I want to read most is the book named Go With the Wind .
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
注意：由and连接的两个或两个以上作主语，如果指的是两件事，动词用复数；如果指的是一件事，动词用单数。例如：
Reading Ibsen（阅读易卜生剧本） and solving quadratic equation(解二次方程) are entirely different tasks ..
What caused the accident and who was responsible负责 for it remain a mystery 神秘to us.
14. 如果主语由“one in /one out of +复数名词”构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数；在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数。例如：
One in ten students has failed the exam.
One out of twenty was badly damaged.
比较：One in ten students have failed the exam.
15. a.当集体名词是government, committee, team, group，class, family, crew, public, company club, enemy, audience观众 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数。当主语表示不可分割的整体时，谓语动词用单数；当主语强调集体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。
His family is a large one. (家庭作为一个整体)
His family are always quarrelling among themselves. (强调家庭成员)The football team is playing well. (team 作为整体考虑)The football team are having baths now. (强调群体中的个体)
Our class（班）is on the third floor．
Our class（班里的人）have been to Shanghai．
b. 当集体名词是clothing衣类, furniture家具, baggage, luggage行李, machinery机械, crockery (陶器)，equipment, 表示某一类别的东西的总称，没有复数形式，作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。
Our clothing protects us against the cold.Most of their equipment has been shipped ahead of schedule.All the furniture here is new.
c. 当集体名词是people, folk人们, police , youth, cattle, poultry(家禽)， kindred(亲属) 表示由相同的个体组成的集体，作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式
Cattle are grazing 吃草in the fields.People are masters of nature.
The police are trying to catch the thief.
Some folk are never satisfied.16. 有些名词如means，news，maths，physics等词尾虽有-s，但谓语动词一般用单数形式。
Every means has been tried，but without result．
Politics is of great importance．
17. the Olympic Games ， the Chinese , the Japanese , the English作主语，谓动复数
The Chinese were a highly civilized文明的 people long before the Europeans were .
The Olympic Games are held every four years .
注意： Chinese is taught in many Japanese schools today.
18. 作书名、篇名用的复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。如：
The Emperor's New Clothes（皇帝的新装）was written by Hans Christian Anderson。
祝你的英语成绩越来越棒！
最终答案：略
解题过程：
下面结合例句进行讲解，希望对你有所帮助： 主从复合句 一、概念： 主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起来会议没完没了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快点, 要不然就来不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。) 二、分类： 从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。（参见以下各条） 三、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法： (1) 表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。
例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
①基本形式：（主句＋）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+...
② 关于宾语从句连词的选择：
若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;
若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或whether;
若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)
例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。) (从句来源于一般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine? )
③ 宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；
如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)
④ 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (对不起,我迟到了。) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。
时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)
地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里来还滚到哪里去！) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)
目的状语从句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)
结果状语从句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)
比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我书没有你多)
让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。如：Even if you pay the debt(债务) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)
条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)
[注意] 1、because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。
2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。
(4) 定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
① 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)
② 语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。
③ 关系代词或关系副词的作用：
关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)
关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)
④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)
[注解]
1、关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)
2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)
3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)
4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)
(5) 主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)
主谓一致
主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在"人称"和"数"方面的一致关系，这又叫做"主--动一致".这种一致关系常为三种不同的原则所支配，即语法一致原则,意义一致原则和就近原则。
A:理论上理解
语法一致
如果主语是复数，动词就该用复数形式；如果主语是单数名词或不可数名词，动词便用单数形式。
Both boys have their own merits.
Few students are really lazy.
Many people want to go.
Two girls were standing on the corner.
Each boy has his own book.
Every girl comes on time.
Either answer is correct.
Much effort is wasted.
No one except his own supporters agrees with him.
意义一致
有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单、复数形式，而是取决于主语的单、复数意义。这种一致关系叫做意义一致 。
The government have asked the country to decide by a vote投票.
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register.
就近原则
有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单、复数形式，这种一致关系所依据的原则叫做"就近原则"
Either my brothers or my father is coming.
Only one out of five were present.
Neither Julia nor I am going.
B: 实践上操作
1.两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and或both...and 连接，谓语用复数．
Tom and Dick are good friends.
You , he and I are students .
Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop .
Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of china.
注意：指同一个人，同一事物或同一概念，谓动用单数。如：a peasant and writer 一个农民作家，the worker and poet 这位工人兼诗人;a knife and fork 一副刀叉，a watch and chain一块带链的表，a coat and tie配有领带的上衣，a needle and thread 针线; aim and end 目的，truth and honesty 真诚，love and affection 情感, law and order 治安,iron and steel 钢铁
The teacher and writer is her friend .
The worker and writer is talking to the students。
Bread and butter tastes good.
War and peace is a constant 不变的theme in history
Ham火腿 and eggs is a good breakfast.
2. 主语后面跟有with , like , accompanied by, along with, as much as, as well as , besides, but, except, in addition to, including, instead of, let alone, no less than, not to mention, rather than, together with 等引起的短语,谓语和主语一致。
Tim, as much as his brothers, was responsible for the loss. Nobody but Jack and Tom was there.
The teachers rather than the student’s father are more concerned about 关心 this matter. John, together with his family, is flying to London.
The teacher , including his students , is going to see Professor Smith .
3.不定代词作主语，谓动单数。如：anybody ，everybody，everyone ，nobody，anyone ， everything ，each one ，no one，anything ，nothing， each ， neither ，either ，one，somebody，something ，someone
Has everyone finished their drinks?Has everyone finished his or her drink? (正式文体中)
Everything around us is matter .
Somebody is using the phone .
Each of the books costs five yuan
Every sliver knife, fork, and spoon has to be counted.Each book and magazine is listed on the shelf .
注意： a. 由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each , every ,或many a + 单数名词,表示“许多...”或more than one + 单数名词 ，表示“不止一个”, 或表示数量的one and a half +复数名词 ，谓动都用单数
Every student and every teacher was in the room .
No boy and no girl likes it .
Many a man and many a woman finds himself or herself in need.
At Christmas each boy and each girl is given a present.
More than one game was lost .
Many a man has done his duty .
One and a half bananas is left on the table .
注意：a great/good many 后的名词是复数
A great/good many books have been written on the subject
b.. all 作主语，表示人时， 用复数； 表整个事或情况时，用单数。
All that I want is a good dictionary .
All were silent at that time ..
All were out of danger . 所有人脱离危险。
c. such 作主语，根据所指内容而定
Such is our plan .
Such are my hopes .
4.并列主语由or , nor , either ..or , neither ... nor , not only ...but also ..,not ...but .连接时，谓动就近原则。
Either the teacher or the students are to blame.
Not only the students but also their teacher doesn’t know about it .
Either you or I am mad .
Are either you or I mad ?
5.由some of , plenty of , a lot of , lots of , most of , the rest of , half of , a large quantity of 大量,分数或..% of +名词，谓动与of 后的名词保持数的一致。
A lot of students are waiting outside.
Lots of money has been wasted .
More than 30 percent of the surface is covered by water .
Three-fifths of the students are from other counties .
Plenty of the sugar is imported 进口from Cuba .
Half of the building was damaged in the explosion.
Half of the students are girls.
Over sixty per cent of the city was destroyed in the war.
Thirty-five per cent of the doctors were women.
A large quantity of food is wasted every day .
A large quantity of apples are shipped abroad every year.
但： a. large quantities of 作主语，谓动用复数
Large quantities of food were wasted at that time .
b. a great deal of , a large amount of + 不可数名词 作主语，谓动单数,但large amounts of +不可数名词 作主语,谓动复数
A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway.
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge .
6. 如果主语是由“a kind/sort/type of ,this kind/sort/type of +名词”构成，动词用单数, 即使of-词组中的名词为复数，动词仍用单数;a pair of ,或 this pair of trousers, shoes, glasses 作主语，谓动往往用单数.
There is a kind of rose in the garden, which fills the air with fragrance when May comes.
There are many kinds of pears .
This kind of man annoys惹恼me.
This kind/sort of apples is highly priced.(=Apples of this kind are highly priced. )
That type of men is dangerous.(=Men of this kind are dangerous.)
This pair of compasses is made in Beijing .
There is a pair of glasses on your bed.
注意：若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those,同时，of-词组中的名词又是复数，则动词用复数：
These kinds of men annoy me.
Those types/sorts of machines are up to date.
7. 如果主语由“an average 平均of ; a ( the ) majority 大多数、大部分of+复数名词”构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后的动词用复数；如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念，则动词用单数。比较：
An average of 25 persons apply each month.
An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.
A /The majority of the town's younger men are moving to the city.
注意：a. the majority of +复数名词作主语，用复数，若仅是majority 一个词，动词可用单或复数
The majority of students like tennis .
The vast majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.
The majority was / were in favor of the proposal 建议。
b. the number / amount /percentage 百分比of +复数名词，谓动单数
The number of students in the class is forty .
The percentage of unskilled workers is small .
8.在there be +主语中，就近原则
There is an apple , two oranges and some bananas on the plate.
There are two oranges , an apple and some bananas on the plate.
9 Who, which, that 作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。
Those who want to go should sign your names here.
Anyone who breaks the rules is going to be punished
The books which are of great value are well worth reading .
注意：....one of the ...复数名词 + who / that / which + 复数谓动
....the only one of the .... 复数名词 + who / that / which + 单数谓动
She is one of the engineers who are expert in German .
She is the only one of the engineers who is expert in German .
10. all, any, more, most, some作主语，enough 作主语，如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数形式；如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数形式；none作主语，动词单复数形式都可以用，没有区别。
There is more in it than you imagine. Many people support the government, but more are against it.Most of his writing is rubbish.Most of her arguments were founded on fact
Some of the information has already been analyzed.Some of the books have been placed on the shelves.
Enough has been said on his subject.I hope enough of you are prepared to help with the show.None of his friends has ever been to Pairs.=None of his friends have ever been to Paris . None (of the money) has been spent on repairs. 11. 形容词加定冠词 the 表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。
What a life the poor were living!穷人们过着怎样的生活.
The young are happy to give their seats to the old.
The old are taken good care of here .
The beautiful gives pleasure to all . 美丽(的东西)给所有人带来快乐。
The blind are taught in special schools
但： The wounded（man）was a good friend of mine．
12. 表示时间、重量、长度等名词，尽管复数形式，作为一个整体看，谓语还是用单数。如果被看作组成该数量的一个个的个体，则动词用复数。
Five minutes is enough.
One dollar and seventy eight cents is what she has.
Three times five is fifteen . 三 乘五等于15.
Twenty years is a long time . Three miles was too long a distance for Freedman to run.
比较：There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings长统袜.
注意：两数相减或相除，动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，动词可用单数，也可用复数。
Forty minus fifteen (40-15) leaves twenty-five.
Forty divided by eight (40/8) is five.
Seven and five (7+5) makes/make twelve.
Five times eight (5+8) is /are forty.
13.主语从句，不定式及动名词作主语，谓动作单数
That he has won the game is known to us all .
Seeing is believing .
To see is to believe .
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
Driving cars is easy .
但：what 引导的从句所指的内容是复数意义时，谓动用复数，否则用单数
What I want to read most is the book named Go With the Wind .
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
What we need are good teachers. What I want to read most is the book named Go With the Wind .
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
注意：由and连接的两个或两个以上作主语，如果指的是两件事，动词用复数；如果指的是一件事，动词用单数。例如：
Reading Ibsen（阅读易卜生剧本） and solving quadratic equation(解二次方程) are entirely different tasks ..
What caused the accident and who was responsible负责 for it remain a mystery 神秘to us.
14. 如果主语由“one in /one out of +复数名词”构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数；在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数。例如：
One in ten students has failed the exam.
One out of twenty was badly damaged.
比较：One in ten students have failed the exam.
15. a.当集体名词是government, committee, team, group，class, family, crew, public, company club, enemy, audience观众 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数。当主语表示不可分割的整体时，谓语动词用单数；当主语强调集体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。
His family is a large one. (家庭作为一个整体)
His family are always quarrelling among themselves. (强调家庭成员)The football team is playing well. (team 作为整体考虑)The football team are having baths now. (强调群体中的个体)
Our class（班）is on the third floor．
Our class（班里的人）have been to Shanghai．
b. 当集体名词是clothing衣类, furniture家具, baggage, luggage行李, machinery机械, crockery (陶器)，equipment, 表示某一类别的东西的总称，没有复数形式，作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。
Our clothing protects us against the cold.Most of their equipment has been shipped ahead of schedule.All the furniture here is new.
c. 当集体名词是people, folk人们, police , youth, cattle, poultry(家禽)， kindred(亲属) 表示由相同的个体组成的集体，作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式
Cattle are grazing 吃草in the fields.People are masters of nature.
The police are trying to catch the thief.
Some folk are never satisfied.16. 有些名词如means，news，maths，physics等词尾虽有-s，但谓语动词一般用单数形式。
Every means has been tried，but without result．
Politics is of great importance．
17. the Olympic Games ， the Chinese , the Japanese , the English作主语，谓动复数
The Chinese were a highly civilized文明的 people long before the Europeans were .
The Olympic Games are held every four years .
注意： Chinese is taught in many Japanese schools today.
18. 作书名、篇名用的复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。如：
The Emperor's New Clothes（皇帝的新装）was written by Hans Christian Anderson。
祝你的英语成绩越来越棒！
最终答案：略